verbal violence

Verbal violence is the expression that denotes the phenomenon of aggressive behavior and offender deliberately presented by all the citizens or by them within the limits of interpersonal space. It has qualities that differentiate from other types of violent action taken by individuals or groups of people and it triggers a consequence of the conditions of life and conviviality. Its most obvious manifestation is the high rates of aggression incited after discussions, the more constant is the violation of basic codes of civilized conduct. The observation of the moral conduct of mankind, or civility, over time shows a gradual process of internalization, there is a clear trend, which is the approval or disapproval of external actions and their consequences for the approval or disapproval of the intentions that serve as the basis for these actions, therefore, the foundations of morality does not infer a metaphysical principle, but what is most peculiar to man, the abuse and violence are against all principles, both moral, physical or verbal, and, to paraphrase Isaac Asimov in his science fiction Foundation: violence is the last resort of the incompetent.

ana santos

racism

Racism is the trend of thought, or way of thinking which gives great importance to the notion of the existence of separate human races and over each other. Where there is a belief that some individuals and the relationship between heritable physical characteristics, and certain traits of character and intelligence, or cultural, are superior to others. Racism is not a scientific theory but a set of pre conceived opinions where the main function is to exploit the biological differences between humans, which some believe is superior to the other according to their racial matrix. The belief of the existence of superior and inferior races was often used to justify slavery, the dominance of certain other peoples, and the genocide that occurred throughout the history of mankind.

ana santos

culture

Culture is dynamic. How adaptive mechanism and cumulative, the culture change. Traces are lost, others are added in different rates in different societies.

Two basic mechanisms allow for cultural change: the invention or introduction of new concepts, and dissemination of concepts from other cultures. There is also the discovery, which is a kind of cultural change caused by the revelation of something unknown by the society and she decides to adopt.

The change usually leads to resistance. Since the aspects of cultural life are linked together, the minimum change of only one of them can cause effects at all. Changes in the way of produce, for example, can interfere in the choice of members to the government or the application of laws. Resistance to change is an advantage in that it only changes really useful, and are therefore inevitable, will be taken to avoid the effort of society to embrace and then reject a new concept.

ana santos

Racism

Racism or prejudice is as old as mankind. The fear of the unknown is a natural reaction. Throughout the history people have made borders and strong defences to keep strangers out. In the effort to keep strangers out people are developing still stronger and more effective weapons. This striving toward safety has started several wars and killed millions of people

Racism exists practically in all countries.
If things are going badly many people’s natural reaction is to blame somebody else. This is exactly what often causes racism, if the unemployment is rising or the national economy is very weak.

-> RACISM IS CAUSED BY FEAR

In some cases racism can generate such an enormous amount of anger that it can cause a war. The thing that causes this anger is mainly fear.
To fight racism we have to get to know each other and learn more about each other’s cultures. We have got to share each other’s joys, but also learn that we often have the same problems and worries.

RACISM RUINS LIVES!

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism

Carolina Varela

Discrimination

Discrimination can occur by gender, age, color, marital status, religion, or because the person, the bearer of some type of disability. You can also occur simply because the employee proposed action against a former employer or because they participated in a strike. Discrimination is still sick, sexual orientation, appearance, and a number of other reasons that have nothing to do with the conditions required for the effective performance of the function provided. The discriminatory act can be embodied also in the requirement for personal or certificates of medical examinations of applicants for employment

ana santos

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American pastor, activist and famous leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to protected progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today.
One of the moments more remembered by everyone it’s was “I have a dream” speech where King told his desire for a future where blacks and whites, among others, would coexist pleasantly as equals on August 28, 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Prizes
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004;Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986.


Adriana

Women victory

Votes for women were first seriously proposed in the United States in July, 1848, at the Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. One woman who attended that convention was Charlotte Woodward. She was nineteen at the time. In 1920, when women finally won the vote throughout the nation, Charlotte Woodward was the only participant in the 1848 Convention who was still alive to cast her vote. Eighty-one years old, she cast her vote proudly.



Adriana

KKK

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic militant organization in the United States.
The KKK has intimidated, murder, and oppresses African Americans, Jews and other minorities because their political ideology stands on a white supremacy and nationalism.

In Existence

1st Klan 1865-1870s (created by Confederate Army veterans)
2nd Klan 1915-1944 (created after World War 1 by Americans)
3rd Klan since 1946 (no record)

Members
1st Klan 550, 000
2nd Klan 4,000,000
3rd Klan 6,000





Adriana

Native Americans

Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous people from the regions of North America . They comprise a large number of distinct tribes,states and ethnic groups, many of which survive as intact political communities. There has been a large range of terms used to describe them and no agreement has been reached among indigenous members as to what they prefer to be called collectively. Native Americans have also been known as American Indians, Amerindians, Aboriginal, Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, First Americans, Red Indians, or Red Men.

European colonization of the Americas was a period of conflict. Most of the written historical record about Native Americans began with European contact. The differences between these two cultures were vast enough to make for great misunderstandings and create long-lasting cultural conflicts.

Today

Native Americans today have a special relationship with the United States of America. They can be found as nations, tribes, or bands of Native Americans who have independence from the government of the United States, and whose society and culture still flourish amidst a larger immigrated people. Native Americans who were not already U.S. citizens as granted by other provisions such as with a treaty term were granted citizenship in 1924 by the Congress of the United States.



Adriana

Refugee camps

What is a refugee camp?

l      A refugee camp is a temporary camp built to receive refugees of war or natural disasters. Hundreds of thousands or even millions of people may live in any one single camp depending on the type of crisis . Usually they are built and run by a government, the United Nations  or international organizations such as the Red Cross.

 

l      People can stay in these camps receiving emergency food and medicinal help, until it is safe to return to their homes.

 

l      Camps are usually located on the edges of towns or cities in a secure area, away from the border, war zones and landmines

 

Refugee live

l      Refugee shelters are made with local materials like wood, plastic , metal sheets, branches etc. The space per shelter is minimum 3.5 square meters (warm climate) or 4.5-5.5 square meters (cold climate).

l      Some camps have a their own water source such as a lake , a river or a well and the shelters shouldn't be no more than 100 meters from that water point.

l      Food distribution can be done at one location or broken up among several (i.e. dividing a population of 20,000 among four distribution points).

  

Food Rations

l      Here is a example of a daily food rations (gpp = grams per person)

 

àRice, wheat or maize                         àSugar 15 (gpp)

    400 (gpp)

 

àBeans, peas or lentils                        àSalt 5 (gpp)

60 (gpp)

 

àVegetable oil or butter oil
25 (gpp)

 

àFortified blended food (i.e. corn soya blend)
100 (gpp)

Adriana 

Right to education

The right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to free, compulsory primary education for all children, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all children, as well as equitable access to higher education, and a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these accesses to education provisions the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality.

Every woman, man, youth and child has the human right to education, training and information, and to other fundamental human rights dependent upon realization of the human right to education. The human right of all persons to education is explicitly set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenants, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other widely adhered to international human rights treaties and Declarations .

The sociology of education is the study of how social institutions and forces affect educational processes and outcomes, and vice versa. By many, education is understood to be a means of overcoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and acquiring wealth and status for all. Education is perceived as a place where children can develop according to their unique needs and potentialities. The purpose of education can be to develop every individual to their full potential.

Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials becoming more influenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among students at all levels are also playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example, the Erasmus Programme stimulates exchanges across European universities.

done by: Alyssa

Indigenous

Indigenous people can be used to describe any ethnic group of people who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection, alongside immigrants which have populated the region and which are greater in number (basically groups of people who have origins from or relations to the people who used to live in that region).








Wherever Indigenous cultural identity is asserted, some particular set of societal issues and concerns may be voiced, or have a particular dimension associated with, their indigenous status. These concerns will often be commonly held or affect other societies also, and are not necessarily experienced uniquely by indigenous groups.

Despite the diversity of Indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the widespread, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of Indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies.

It is also sometimes argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve a wide range of cultural diversity as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise.

International Day of the World's Indigenous People

The International Day of the World's Indigenous People is on the 9 August as this was the date of the first meeting in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group of Indigenous Populations of the Sub commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Commission on Human Rights.

done by: Alyssa

Multiculturalism



The term multiculturalism generally refers to an applied ideology of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place, usually at the scale of an organization such as a school, business, neighborhood, city or nation.




Some countries have official policies of multiculturalism aimed at recognizing, celebrating and maintaining the different cultures or cultural identities within that society to promote social cohesion. Multiculturalism advocates a society that extends equitable status to distinct cultural and religious groups, with no one culture predominating.



There are many advocates of multiculturalism particularly in academia and the media. The ideology remains controversial and is opposed by those who support particular cultural standards.




Multiculturalism was adopted as official policy, in several Western nations from the 1970s onward, for reasons that varied from country to country; the great cities of the Western world are increasingly made of a so many different types of cultures.


Government multicultural policies may include:

• Recognition of multiple citizenship (the multiple citizenship itself usually results from the nationality laws of another country);

• Government support for newspapers, television, and radio in minority languages
  Support for minority festivals, holidays, and celebrations;

• Acceptance of traditional and religious dress in schools, the military, and society in general
  Support for music and arts from minority cultures ;

• Programs to encourage minority representation in politics, SET (Science, Engineering and Technology), Mathematics, education, and the work force in general;

• Enforcement of different codes of law on members of each ethnic group (e.g. Malaysia enforces Shar'ia law, but only for a particular ethnic group).

done by: Alyssa

Xenophobia

The word xenophobia consists of two parts: xeno, a combining form meaning "guest, stranger, person that looks different from you, foreigner", and phobia, "fear or horror”

As with all phobias, a xenophobic person is aware of the fear, and therefore has to genuinely think or believe at some time that the target is in fact a foreigner. This perhaps separates xenophobia from racism and ordinary prejudice in that someone of a different race does not necessarily have to be of a different nationality. In various contexts, the terms "xenophobia" and "racism" seem to be used interchangeably, though they can have very different meanings (xenophobia can be based on various aspects, racism being based only on race and ancestry).

For xenophobia there are two main objects of the phobia. The first is a population group present within a society that is not considered part of that society. Often they are recent immigrants, but xenophobia may be directed against a group which has been present for centuries. This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate hostile and violent reactions, such as mass expulsion of immigrants, pogroms, or in the worst case, genocide.

The second form of xenophobia is primarily cultural, and the objects of the phobia are cultural elements which are considered alien. All cultures are subject to external influences, but cultural xenophobia is often narrowly directed, for instance at foreign loan words in a national language. It rarely leads to aggression against individual persons, but can result in political campaigns for cultural or linguistic purification. Isolationism, a general aversion of foreign affairs, is not accurately described as xenophobia.

done by: Alyssa

Disability

Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a number of countries have passed laws aimed at reducing discrimination against people with disabilities.
These laws have begun to appear as the notion of civil rights has become more influential globally, and follow other forms of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity.
In 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights accord of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people.
Countries that sign up to the convention will be required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that people with disabilities would, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; the right to own and inherit property; not be discriminated against in marriage, children, etc;
(The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights and achieving world peace.)

Discrimination in employment

A more recent law, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), disallow private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, promotion, compensation, job training, conditions and privileges of employment.
This includes organizations like retail businesses, movie theaters, and restaurants. They must make "reasonable accommodation" to people with different needs.

Education

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), special educational support is limited to children and youth, although there are lot’s of associations for people with disability.

The social model

The social model of disability sees the issue of disability mainly as a socially created problem, and basically as a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment.
(the management of the problem requires social action, which is the collective responsibility of society to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life.)

Sports

There are a wide range of sports that have been adapted to be played by people with varying types of disability, as well as several that are unique to disabled sports. Within each movement, different sports are practiced at different levels; for example, not all sports in the Paralympic movement are part of the Paralympic Games.

Done by: Alyssa

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King was an American clergyman.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize and he was one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movements.
His original name was Michael and he was later renamed Martin.


King first achieved national renown when he helped mobilise the black boycott of the Montgomery bus system in 1955. This was organised after Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man - in the segregated south, black people could only sit at the back of the bus. The 382-day boycott led the bus company to change its regulations, and the supreme court declared such segregation unconstitutional.

In 1957 King was active in the organisation of the Southern Leadership Christian Conference (SCLC), formed to coordinate protests against discrimination. He advocated non-violent direct action based on the methods of Gandhi, who led protests against British rule in India culminating in India's independence in 1947.

In 1963, King led mass protests against discriminatory practices in Birmingham, Alabama where the white population were violently resisting desegregation. The city was dubbed 'Bombingham' as attacks against civil rights protesters increased, and Martin Luther King was arrested for his part in the protests.

After he was released, King participated in the civil rights march in Washington in August 1963, and said his famous 'I have a dream' speech, predicting a day when the promise of freedom and equality for all would become a reality in America. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1965, he led a campaign to register blacks to vote. The same year the US Congress passed the Voting Rights Act outlawing the discriminatory practices that had barred blacks from voting in the south.As the civil rights movement became increasingly radicalised, King found that his message of peaceful protest was not shared by many in the younger generation. King began to protest against the Vietnam war and poverty levels in the US. He was assassinated on 4 April 1968 during a visit to Memphis, Tennessee.

Source: http://images.google.pt/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mccsc.edu/~dwright/All/mklbiography_files/image002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mccsc.edu/~dwright/All/mklbiography.htm&usg=__mUSmEa6rNk1_VF_CSyS52iHgKBw=&h=320&w=320&sz=11&hl=pt-BR&start=2&um=1&tbnid=PIgfXuViR_KARM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmartin%2BLuther%2Bking%2B-%2Bbiography%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4ADBF_pt-BRPT291PT292%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

Carolina Varela

Stereotypes

Stereotypes are generalizations, or assumptions that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group based on an image (often wrong) about what people in that group are like.
One study of stereotypes revealed:

Americans:
- Generally considered to be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but also arrogant, impatient, and domineering.

Asians:
- Considered astute and alert, but reserved.

Obviously, not all Americans are friendly and generous and not all Asians are astute.
If you suppose you know what a person is like and don't look at each person as an individual, you are likely to make errors in your estimates of a person's character.

Every day, in school people come talk to us about other people and we create an image, probably wrong, of that person and it shouldn’t happen. People should, in the first place, meet each other and then take the conclusions about the person but only after they met each other.

Search:http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/stereoty.htm

Carolina Varela

Most common immigration problems

- Getting permission to stay in the country longer than you originally intended;
- Getting permission to do something which you are not allowed to do, for example, get a job;
- Bringing relatives into the country;
- Being threatened with deportation from the country where you are;
- Being held by the immigration authorities in a detention centre;
- Wanting for a passport and not knowing whether you are entitled to a country passport or some other passport;
- Wanting to apply to become a country Citizen;
- If you are already living in some country but you want to travel (for example, to go on holiday), you have to question whether you will be allowed back into the other country;
- The permission to use state services or claim benefits, for example, education, health services, council housing, social security benefits, housing benefits, council tax benefit;
- The right to vote;
- A relative or friend being refused entry to country when arriving at an airport or port;
- Problems with people living in the country where you arrived (discrimination).

Sourche: http://www.justice-explained.com/Immigration-problems.asp
Carolina Varela

Discrimination by Age, Sex, Gender and Ability

We are all different and that makes us equal.

Stop discrimination and the world will be a better place!

Sourch:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruPJ7BC1i9s

Carolina Varela